间充质干细胞(MSCs)是一种具有自我更新能力的细胞,这些细胞具有多项分化能力,且这些细胞表现出多种特征,如它们的分泌作用、向病变区域的迁移和免疫调节潜力,使它们成为神经退行性疾病细胞治疗的候选者。大量研究表明间充质干细胞可以经过刺激后分化为神经元。然而,尽管直接将原始且未分化的间充质干细胞移植到神经退行性疾病动物模型的多项试验取得了积极的结果,但一些研究表明,若在间充质干细胞移植治疗之前,应用组织工程学技术刺激间充质干细胞向神经元谱系分化,可以增强其获得的治疗效果。诱导间充质干细胞神经向分化的方法有多种,包括化学物质、生长因子、与神经谱系细胞共培养、基因转染、miRNA等,其中化学物质中小分子物质的效果尤为突出,采用一种或某几种小分子物质的组合可高效快捷地诱导间充质干细胞向神经向分化。因此,文章将论述回顾以往小分子物质促进间充质干细胞向神经系统细胞分化的研究进展,以为其应用于临床神经退行性疾病间充质干细胞治疗的研究提供基础。Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess self-renewal capacity, exhibit multiple differentiation potentials, and demonstrate key characteristics such as a secretory role, lesion-site migration, and immunomodulatory potential, rendering them strong candidates for neurodegenerative disease therapy. Numerous studies have demonstrated that MSCs can be effectively stimulated to differentiate into neurons. While positive results have been observed in studies directly transplanting primitive, undifferentiated MSCs into animal models of neurodegenerative disease, evidence suggests that preconditioning MSCs through tissue engineering techniques to induce neuronal differentiation can significantly enhance their therapeutic effects. Various strategies, such as chemical substances, growth factors, co-culture with neural cells, gene transfection
上颌窦的解剖结构特性导致异物易进入窦腔内形成上颌窦异物。大部分上颌窦异物为医源性和外伤性,如断根、移位牙种植体、牙科充填材料等。上颌窦异物若不及时取出,可能会引起上颌窦炎、眶底感染甚至颅内感染。目前,针对上颌窦异物存在多种手术取出方式,如上颌窦前壁开窗术,内镜联合鼻内或口内入路探查取出术等。本研究总结了功能性内镜及上颌窦前壁开窗在上颌窦异物取出术中的应用进展及其优缺点,为临床应用提供参考。The anatomical characteristics of the maxillary sinus make it easy for foreign bodies to enter the sinus cavity and form maxillary sinus foreign bodies. Most maxillary sinus foreign bodies are iatrogenic and traumatic, such as fractured tooth roots, displaced dental implants, dental fillings, etc. If the foreign body in the maxillary sinus is not removed in time, it may cause maxillary sinusitis, orbital floor infection, and even intracranial infection. At present, there are various surgical methods for removing foreign bodies in the maxillary sinus, such as maxillary sinus anterior wall fenestration, endoscopic combined nasal or oral approach exploration and removal, etc. This study summarizes the application progress and advantages and disadvantages of functional endoscopy and maxillary sinus anterior wall fenestration in maxillary sinus foreign body removal surgery, providing a reference for clinical application.
